Past perfect tense

Posted in
01.43



It is used to express an action which has occurred in past (usually, a long time ago) and action which has occurred in past before another action in past. 

For example,
I had lived in America. (The sense of time in this sentence refers to a completed action in past and especially a long time ago)

The students had gone before the teacher came.  (The first part of sentence “The student has gone” is sentence of past perfect tense, it says about an action which occurred before another action in past which is “the teacher came”. The second part “the teacher came” is sentence of past simple tense. So such a sentence which express an action in past before another action in past comprises two parts where the first part of sentence is past perfect tense) 

Rules. Auxiliary verb “had” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is used as main verb in sentence

                             Structure of sentence.

Positive sentence
        • Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
        • Subject + had + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object

Examples.
      He had taken the exam last year
      A thief had stolen my watch.
Negative sentence
        • Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object
        •Subject + had + not + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object

   “Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence.
Examples.
       He had not taken the exam last year
       A thief had not stolen my watch.
Interrogative sentence
       • Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle) + object
       • Had + subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object

     Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had”
Examples.
      Had he taken the exam last year
      Had a thief stolen my watch?

More Examples


Positive sentences
      They had visited a doctor.
       He had slept.
       I had finished my work last year.
       It had rained heavily last month.
      The film had started before we reached cinema.
Negative sentences
      They had not visited a doctor.
      He had not slept.
      I had not finished my work last year.
      It had not rained heavily last month.
      The film had not started before we reached cinema.
Interrogative sentences
      Had they visited a doctor?
      Had he slept?
      Had I finished my work last year?
      Had it rained heavily last month?
      Had the film started before we reached cinema.
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The Adjective Clause

Posted in
01.41
Recognize an adjective clause when you see one.
An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relativeclause—will meet three requirements:
·         First, it will contain a subject and verb.
·         Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who,whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
·         Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject +Verb
Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb
Here are some examples:
Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie
Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject;pleaded = verb.
Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie
Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].
That bounced across the kitchen floor
That = relative pronoun functioning as subject;bounced = verb.
Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward
Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject;hiccupped = verb.
Avoid writing a sentence fragment.
An adjective clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence. To avoid writing afragment, you must connect each adjective clause to amain clause.
Read the examples below. Notice that the adjective clausefollows the word that it describes.
Diane felt manipulated by her beagle Santana, whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.
Chewing with her mouth open is one reason why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie.
Snarling and skidding on the smooth tile, Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the hardboiled egg that bounced across the kitchen floor.
Laughter erupted from Annamarie, who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.
Punctuate an adjective clause correctly.
Punctuating adjective clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the adjective clause isessential or nonessential and then use commasaccordingly.
Essential clauses do not require commas. An adjective clause is essential when you need the information it provides.
Look at this example:
The vegetables that people leave uneaten are often the most nutritious.
Vegetables is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the adjective clause. Thus, the adjective clause is essential and requires no commas.
If, however, we eliminate vegetables and choose a more specific noun instead, the adjective clause becomesnonessential and does require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence.
Read this revision:
Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious.


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